Cloud Computing Security Exploits - Theory and Principles

Question: Depict about the Basic standards and hypothesis of cloud security abuses? Answer: Fundamental standards and hypothesis of cloud security abuses Distributed computing dominant part contains conveying processing assets like applications, stockpiling, framework as administrations gave by specialist organizations to the end clients. All sort of administrations are gotten to by internet browsers which resembles on request. The cloud specialist organizations offers administration dependent on necessity and guarantee great quality. Essentially distributed computing is three sorts Framework as administration (IaaS): It gives organizing gadgets, memory and capacity as administrations. Stage as-a-Service (PaaS): Development stage gives to the clients to plan of their own applications relies upon their need. Programming as-a-Service (SaaS): This gives the application to need of the necessities. Lease the application as opposed to getting it. These three administrations offers the various types of assistance to the end client and simultaneously gives the data on security issues and dangers of cloud. Animal power assault: Regularly programmers utilize various machines to get great figuring power for the digital assaults in light of the fact that the assaulting procedure are muddled requires gigantic measure of registering power which without a doubt takes a long time to finish. In light of IaaS only one enrollments is sufficient for the aggressors to get the colossal processing power from cloud specialist co-ops. Programmers can do assaults in brisk time utilizing advantage offered by the distributed computing with just on enrollment in brief timeframe rather than months which is extremely awful sign for some encryption systems. For breaking the secret phrase savage power calculation utilized yet it requires very force machines with immense limit of registering. To get effective secret word it requires colossal exertion since a large number of passwords needs to checked to locate the right secret word dependent on the encryption alogirhtm. Programmers are getting distributed computing stage to dispatch this sort of assault. Thomas Roth, a German analyst, showed a beast power assault operating at a profit Hat Technical Security. He figured out how to break a WPA-PSK shielded system by leasing a server from Amazons EC2. In around 20 minutes, Roth terminated 400,000 passwords for every second into the framework and the expense of utilizing EC2 administration was just 28 pennies for each moment. To get fruitful secret word it requires tremendous exertion since a great many passwords needs to checked to locate the right secret phrase dependent on the encryption alogirhtm. Programmers are getting distributed compu ting stage to dispatch this sort of assault. To send enormous eruption of bundles to casualty has distributed computing administrations are utilized. For instance, programmer propelled DOS assault on to the customer connect with assistance of leased server from amazons EC2 cloud framework and run the overwhelming flooding calculation which sends surge of bundles to casualty organize. It is simply of $6. Internet browser assault: Internet browser used to send administration demand by customer and the administration correspondence utilizes the Simple Object Access Protocol messages and transmit them utilizing HTTP with arrangement of Extensible Markup Language. One security instrument WS-Security is utilized for the SOAP messages privacy and SOAP messages information uprightness which are transmitted among the customers and servers. Information respectability kept up by utilizing advanced on the message and for Confidentiality message encryption is utilized to security on eves dropping. This sort of component guarantees verification of the customer and approval of messages at server side with the goal that message not altered. Web servers approving the marked solicitations around then aggressors by utilizing the XML signature wrapping and adventure the shortcoming, assault propelled when SOAP message traded between the web server and confirmed client. Assaulted copies the clients login meeting and included the false components into message which will wrapped, it makes the first body message under the wrapped and vindictive code is supplanted on the substance of the message, this adjusted message sends to server and the server approval fine in light of the fact that the first body not changed so the server is deceived and approve the message that has been modified. On account of this programmer gain the denied access to the assets which are ensured and activities which are planned. All distributed computing administrations by means of internet browser so wrapping assaults can be propelled effectively on to the cloud specialist co-op servers, which makes the clients as casualties. In 2008 found cloud specialist co-op who is helpless against the wrapping assault. This is on the grounds that later distinguished as bug in approval process done by amazon cloud. It is defenselessness in SOAP message security approval calculation. Capture attempt and change should be possible to authentic client SOAP demand, this uncovered the casualties accounts in the cloud to the programmers with unprivileged get to. The equivalent XML signature wrapping strategy can be utilized to hell the record in amazon AWS just by adjusting the approved marked SOAP messages and programmer get the consent to get to, erase, make client account. Burglary: Capacity administration gave by the distributed computing makes the business association practical and no need of organization overhead over the delicate information. This will diminish cost in purchasing new servers and looking after them. Such huge numbers of organizations are putting away information utilizing cloud. One significant cloud specialist co-op do keep up all the touchy information of business associations. Consider case of Netflix utilize the amazon web administration for putting away information of TV scenes and films, Dropbox stockpiling administration to numerous client for their own data. These sort of Cloud administrations are as day by day part of each one life. So all the touchy data put away at single spot so single objective for aggressors which gives tremendous data at little cost think about conventional way. Online retailer Zappos was the casualty of online digital burglary in that break taken records are 24 million. The taken data contained names, email ad dress, charging and dispatching addresses, individual telephone numbers, the last four digits of Mastercard numbers, just as scrambled renditions of record passwords. Nowadays numerous individuals utilizing the long range informal communication locales for cooperation with the companions and offers profiles and individual data too. As indicated by overview 35 percent individuals are utilizing social locales have accounts in all destinations which makes the aggressors to catch the eye to get the data. As of late linkedln the universes biggest expert systems administration site has 175 million clients has penetrated and around 6.4 million taken hashed passwords dumped into russian site and in excess of 200 thousand passwords are split. Taken username and secret phrase from one site can be utilized to get to different sites as it is exceptionally effective for some clients. As of late dropbox discovered some logins are vindictive who utilized the login subtleties acquired from other social site. Insider assault: Organizations and associations can't believe the individuals inside when it putting away the clients information, so it is imperative to store client information even insiders can't access without legitimate convention. In cloud while moving all clients information which is kept up by association into some private cloud which is kept up by some outsider, is it safe to confide in the outsiders over the information. Rouge sort of directors has benefit to take the unprotected information and can do beast power over the passwords and get the clients information on request. The insiders who knows the cloud operational capacities can recognize the cloud vulnerabilities and assault on it to get the delicate data. Malware Injection Attack: In this assailant watches the online server solicitation and reaction techniques to discover the vulnerabilities and attempt to infuse the malignant code into the server to change the ordinary execution and uncover what required. Like electronic applications, cloud frameworks are additionally defenseless to malware infusion assaults. Programmers make the pernicious application or application or virtual machine to focus on the cloud administration Saas, Pass or Iaas, after the infusion finished the noxious code expressed executed as approved modules and programmer do what ever the individual in question needs. SQL infusion is significant one which is much the same as content embedded into web server by means of its solicitation and adventure the server. In 2012 SQL infusion assault rate expanded to 69%, this is report given by fire have. Counter measures: Security Policy Enhancement Cloud administration enrollment should be possible by who has Mastercard and use the administration which is offering bit of leeway to programmers to get the misrepresentation charge cards and get the entrance of administration and getting figuring intensity of cloud based arrangements and endeavor the client information. They are doing every criminal behavior like spamming and assaulting the other figuring frameworks. By Doing obstructing of clients who are openly declared by certain examinations groups and screen the charge card misrepresentation and changes the arrangements such way that distributed computing power can't be used by the aggressors by means of feeble enrollment strategy. Mange and organization of systems in legitimate manner with the goal that least helpless against aggressors. For instance, Amazon re characterized client strategy like seclude any culpable case which is raised like spam or malware coming through Amazon EC2. Access Management Private and touchy information of end clients is put away in cloud clients can get the entrance to their information under the given access control systems. For the physical figuring frameworks persistent observing on the solicitation coming and reaction served to it and examining the traffic makes the security strategies progressively proficient. Numerous security instruments like firewalls andintrusion identification are utilized to limit the unlawful access and award the legitimate access to the information. Dominant part all traffic is checked to grasp unlawful access of information. Aside from all above, confirmation guidelines, Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) and eXtensible Access C

An Environmental Analysis Of eBay

An Environmental Analysis Of eBay The eBay is engaged with web barters; it has been the best organization in electronic closeout that has in excess of 25 million merchants everywhere throughout the world. Because of its notoriety for being a main internet business organization, it is the most serious organization. This organization has progressed significantly since its beginning by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, it was initially known as Auction Web, it confronted a major test from its first offer of a wrecked laser pointer yet now its website page leads in promotions of different exhibit of products. This is a far reaching business procedure for eBays e-business activity in a point by point report structure for the eBays CEO. It clarifies the offer and investigation of the organization, on center skills that the organization groups. The report keeps clarifying about the investigation of business sectors and assessment patterns of business as far as serious powers of potters five powers. The investigation clarifies the difficulties that are looked inside data and correspondence comprehensively, as eBay business gets worldwide with specific weights on the primary procedures of business, and frameworks like client relationship clients, affirmation that is as of now in frameworks of inheritance. By and by, ICT foundation, effective use mix of B2B, on security and norms. The dangers that are included during improvement stage, predominantly focuses on specialized advancement of item necessities, just as issues managing accounts. The odds of market syndication because of variables like client test change among others. The significant target that the business may have included; keeping proprietors open to, raising the business development for the business endurance; empowering the endurance of the market toward the start of and during the hard minutes. Another target may be augmenting the benefits, to guarantee that the business is bolstered. The basic achievement factors that the investigation discovered were: raising nature of items and creation rates; advancing items and proficient help conveyance and structuring propelled systems of publicizing for income support by means of expanding the deals. The examination found that, the expenses caused by the business toward the beginning of the business incorporates; cost for innovation, mechanical improvement costs, interview charge costs, directing preparing costs, running costs self headway cost, among different expenses. The advantages appreciated incorporate; improved incomes, income increment, correspondence among different focal points referenced in the report. The present circumstance has presented the business to an especially serious market with other web based business organizations like the Amazon, trailed by a diminishing in the client inclinations with most clients favoring at products with fixed costs instead of unloaded merchandise. The eBay sell off organization has in this manner to put forth attempts to keep up its underlying situation in the market. The eBay organization has significant accomplishments that when rebuilt will assist it with propelling further and accomplish its previous magnificence. In 2008 its commercial center portion figured out how to produce over $ 5.5 billion when contrasted with 4.8 million which was created 10 years in 1998. It has a huge number of individuals that rely upon it for their product. The multi year restoration plan that was planned for making a variety of thoroughly organized commercial centers to adequately catch the client request by finding them at one online spot. The change of the expense structure to suit those venders with fixed costs. The change of the hunt requesting framework to empower first appearance of the profoundly appraised dealers. Grasping of new advances, for example, Skype to build correspondence over the web. The endeavors towards extension of the administrations through the securing of sites, for example, the stubHub that is associated with ticket selling and the prostores that empowers making of the online stores. An Environmental examination of eBay Organization Analysis and Value Proposition The eBay organization has been working web closeout for quite a while. The organization has ascended to higher stature following the web activity business. It made it t mushroom to an extremely huge organization managing electronic showcasing over the world. Pierre Omidyar discovered it in 1995 and around then, it was known as Auction Web, getting its name from its capacity. It currently sells a wide scope of products and it has ascended to the top clime of the business world to become on of the most unmistakable and notable sites. The organization has discovered its income grow multiple times in 10 years in the United State ascending from $4.8 million to $5.5 billion between 1998 to 2008. This was acknowledged from selling promoted products. This speaks to an extraordinary development meaning the organization has an incredible piece of the pie. The organization has made a lot of individuals to help themselves by selling through the eBay while two or three them utilize the business administration to enhance their pay (Reaves, 2003). Its incentive to individuals is seen by getting the manner in which it has been visited. It developed to be the most visited webpage at 2008 on the web. Offer The organization can grasp change to guarantee that it understands its objectives. For instance, the organization in 2009 first quarter income went down and required an incredible intercession. The clients favoring fixed evaluated retailers brought made the eBay organization to lose gravely. The vast majority of the clients picked an increasingly basic purchasing procedure that didn't include such things as offering that took the majority of their time. They additionally experience an incredible weight from their rivals, as there developed such huge numbers of online merchants making the greater part of the purchasers to consider the closeout strategy out of date. In this manner, in quest for restoring their business they chose to maintain change brought by the clients request. They began an online fixed value deal and began coming out of the sale part. They additionally made this progressively serious by concentrating the deal framework by guaranteeing thorough commercial center cluster through their frameworks (Tatnall, 2007). The organization additionally had the option to grasp change by moving its business by joining auxiliary market that offers overload strategy. The Companys Core Competencies Fund The organization has an extremely solid foundation. This is produced from the incomes it gathers from its every day capacities. The organization gathers a ton of income from charges and commissions related with deals made. The incomes originate from the immediate promoting site while others are from the start to finish specialist organizations. The money e gotten is made to extend the organization universally without breaking a sweat. This makes the organization to remain at a serious edge in conveying their day by day benefits that requires account. Cutting edge innovation The organization has furnished the little scope retailers with start to finish administration utilizing PayPal that upgrades business exchange through the eBay. This site assists with forcing a few kinds of charges on these dealers that incorporate posting and assortment expense of unsold things. They likewise balanced their eBay search requesting framework to guarantee that the exceptionally appraised shippers were the person who shows up first to guarantee that they get more introduction. The framework utilized a muddled equation that guarantees thing cost is connected with the purchaser and offered them a spot to rank the vender as per the clients fulfillment. The innovation they have has seen their littler dealers of one of a kind merchandise that have in the past progressive. The speculator upheld the move particularly making the organization to have an incredible move to the correct heading undoubtedly. Arrangement of Incentives The organization balanced their installments towards the arrangement of their support of their venders. This move was made to cut no matter how you look at it with no gathering profiting than the other. The is made the organization to acquire ubiquity as more dealers had the option to get to the market through the administration give by the organization, consequently quick development. Market examination and patterns Evaluation of the business as far as Porters serious powers model. As per the organization, the market examination can be utilized the five doormen powers. The examination accept that there five powers that are significant in deciding the serious intensity of the business (Mindtools, 2010). The first is the provider power. The organization has slanted their administrations to the fixed value providers guaranteeing that they tight their providers to little gathering along these lines guaranteeing that they have more grounded business providers. They have utilized the innovation that they need to guarantee that they can interface the providers with the clients. The providers are made to have power as they are made to pick between the costs that have been set for the showcasing purposes. The following one is the purchaser power. The organization can assist the purchasers with getting in contact with the providers and to made at that point to have a stage that guarantee them they can rate the venders as per the cost of the thing they offer. This encourages the providers to bring down the costs of the items that they are selling trough the purchasers mediation. In this manner, the organization can control a wide market go through this procedure. Serious Rivalry The eBay organization has encountered rivalry contention from various organization that offers a similar assistance in this way making them to have a lessening in the piece of the pie. They have attempted to counter this by offering the types of assistance that the clients require in the wake of guaranteeing that they have understood this. They have changed their business focus by acquainting a fixed value stage with guarantee that separated from the bartering framework, they are fit for having another quicker methods for business. This has made the organization to begin being resuscitated. Danger of replacement is another power that the organization needs to manage to guarantee that the clients are not a danger to them by offering comparative support. The organizations can work with high innovation to guarantee that the clients are most certainly not

Four Debts That Will Surprise You - OppLoans

Four Debts That Will Surprise You - OppLoans Four Debts That Will Surprise You Four Debts That Will Surprise YouSurprise! You have more debt than you thought!One of the most important parts of getting a handle on your finances is keeping track of your debt. Unless you walk around with a literal suitcase of money, you are likely going to take on some debt at some point in your life. Debt is not inherently bad, after all. Sometimes taking on certain types of personal or installment loans is the only way many people are able to own a home or go to college.As long as you are always aware of your current and upcoming debts and are able to pay them, there should not be any problems. But some debts can catch you by surprise. Here are four types of unexpected debt that you should keep on your radar.Surprise debt No. 1: Medical debtsThis is a big one: Medical debt is a leading cause of debt problems and financial stress, according to this article from PBS, which examined several studies on the topic. And while you are always at some risk for a medical issue, you may be surprised to learn just how big of a wrench it can throw into your personal financial machinery.“Every American family is one serious medical event away from financial ruin,” warns patient advocate and registered oncology nurse Gail Trauco, who reminds us that trips to the emergency room can be much more costly than charges for nonemergency care. “In an emergency, you do not have time to call your insurance company to ask about what they will cover. As a result, you may find yourself with higher medical bills because of out-of-network charges.”There are very few American families with enough resources to be invulnerable to the worst medical emergencies. While you can do your best to always have insurance coverage and maintain proper health practices, if you still end up in a scenario like the one Trauco describes, she suggests looking into FAIR Health, a national nonprofit focused on health care cost transparency, to estimate health care costs in your area and negotiate a lo wer fee.Asking your hospital or medical office to work with you isn’t out of the question either, as some practices will offer discounts for paying in full or installment options like payment plans. Some health care organizations like Northwestern Medicine even offer financial assistance for eligible patients.“It is important for you to take steps to work through your medical bills to achieve a successful resolution,” Trauco says. “Avoid neglecting bill management; instead, put a plan of action into place for your medical bills. Procrastination can be costly, both for your wallet and for your credit score.”We have talked about how you can handle medical debt and negotiating medical bills before, so give those links a click if you are struggling. We also have an article that specifically talks about handling surprise medical expenses, so you are in luck.Surprise debt No. 2: Autopay gone wrongAutopay is a helpful way to make sure you do not get behind on your bills, but reme mber: Technology is flawed, and autopay systems even if you have properly enrolled aren’t always reliable. That is why you should regularly check that your autopay is functioning properly so you do not have unexpected debt adding up.Obviously if you are checking your autopay too frequently, you might as well not have it at all, but taking a peek every now and then to make sure it is on course could save you a headache later on.Surprise debt No. 3: Car troubleMuch like human medical emergencies, car problems can be unexpected and very expensive. While car insurance may not be quite as complex as doctor networks and medical billing associated with health insurance, managing car repairs is not always a simple drive in the park.If you were involved in a collision, you may be drawn into legal proceedings before insurance will pay out. You may also have to shell out some money in the form of a deductible or unexpected out-of-pocket expenses, depending on your insurance situation.Keepi ng up with regular car maintenance practices will lower your risk of a costly breakdown. However, if you do have to go to a mechanic, be sure to shop around and find someone who will offer maximum transparency and not push you to take on more debt or expense than is necessary.Surprise debt No. 4: Student debt unforgivenessEven if you have a plan to handle your debts, it is important to constantly evaluate how changing circumstances can affect that plan. Recently, many student debt holders have been dealing with an unpleasant surprise that has undermined their debt payment strategy.The Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program was signed into law in 2007. It allows student loan holders who make 120 consecutive payments to have their debts forgiven after 10 years if they work in the nonprofit or in the public sector. Or rather, this is how the program was supposed to work, but nearly every every single applicant who has applied for forgiveness has been denied. As a result, many r esponsible borrowers have been hit with the unpleasant surprise of debt they thought was under control.Still, if you have taken out student loans with the expectation that the debt will be forgiven through the PSLF program, you might as well do everything you can to make that expectation a reality.“Firstly, borrowers need to start the process by adjusting their expectations,” advises personal finance consultant Stephanie Bousley. “This isnt going to be the DMV or a credit card application. They do not want you to pass, and the system is designed to minimize your chances. If you expect logic and fairness, and you do not read every document as if you were a really pessimistic lawyer or accountant, you may give them a reason to reject your application. Check and triple-check your application, and try to get a second (or third) pair of eyes on it before sending it in.“Do everything with the assumption [your application] will be rejected. For example, on the employer verification form, make sure whoever signs it is an authorized signatory for the company. A fair and balanced system would allow say, your boss to sign it. Conversely, a system built with your failure in mind would probably use ‘person not a designated signatory for company’ as a reason to reject you. You just CANNOT forget to turn in your mandatory payment certification when you change jobs. Do not forget to put your initials next to any corrections you make on the form.”Bousley also urges keeping track of the dates of all of your qualifying payments and following the latest news on the program.The lesson: Prepare when you canYou can not prepare for every surprise. That is the definition of a “surprise,” after all. But you can always do more to be prepared.

Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome - 2189 Words

Abstract: Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by both motor and phonic tics over a period of at least one year with the onset in childhood or adolescence. Apart from the tics, most of the patients with Tourette syndrome have associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities consisting of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, rage attacks, sleep issues, depression, and migraine. Patients may also have physical complications directly from violent motor tics which can rarely include cervical myelopathy, arterial dissection and stroke. The purpose of this article is to review the associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities of Tourette syndrome with emphasis on recent research. Key Words: Tourette syndrome (TS); Neuropsychiatric comorbidities; Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD); Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Neurologic complication; Migraine. Introduction: Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by both motor and phonic tics with the onset in childhood or adolescence. First described by French physician Georges Gilles de la Tourette in 1885, it is considered to be as one of the most common childhood movement disorders. As per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition’s (DSM-V), TS is diagnosed clinically by the presence of multiple motor and one or more phonic tics, lasting at least one year with the onset prior to age 18 (1). TS isShow MoreRelatedTaking a look at Tourette Syndrome892 Words   |  4 PagesTourette syndrome (TS) is a disorder of the brain that is observed in people who have involuntary movements or vocalizations called tics. Named after Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette who first discovered this disorder, this French neurologist described a noblewoman who exhibited these symptoms in 1885. These tics could range from repetitive movements to inappropriate vocalizations. Early symptoms of Tourette syndrome occur in children at around 3 and 9 years and occur in equal percentages inRead More Differentiating Tic Disorders Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Tic Disorders Is it possible to differentiate Tourette tics from non-Tourette tics? Are all tics the same? What is a tic? What does a tic feel like? How does ticcing affect a persons sense of self or I-Function? Are Tic Disorders Inherited? A tic is a repetitive, uncontrollable, purposeless contraction of an individual muscle or group of muscles, usually in the face, arms, or shoulders. These movements may be signs of a minor psychological disturbance. Such tics oftenRead MoreExploring the Disorder, Tourette Syndrome Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesTourette syndrome is a neurological disorder first described by a French physician named Georges Gilles de la Tourette, in 1885. Tourette syndrome (TS) consists of varies abrupt, rapid, involuntary, and repeated movements or vocal sounds, known as tics. â€Å"Until 1970, TS was frequently misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, epilepsy, or nervous habits,† concluding that this mental disorder is extremely rare and has similar characteristics as other mental disorders (Kahn and FawcettRead More Tourette Syndrome Essays1139 Words   |  5 PagesTourette Syndrome Tourette syndrome is an inherited severe neurological disorder usually occurring before the age of eighteen and is associated with a degree of facial and body tics sometimes accompanied by random declarations of phrases or obscenities (2,3). The facial and body tics associated with the disorder can be painful and even embarrassing. Involuntary body movements such as jaw snapping, gyrating, hopping, and obscene gesturing are to name a few (1). Tourette Syndrome was namedRead MoreWhat makes me tic?: An investigation into the possible causes of Tourette syndrome and its2400 Words   |  10 PagesWhat makes me tic?: An investigation into the possible causes of Tourette syndrome and its symptoms Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, commonly known as â€Å"Tourette syndrome,† â€Å"Tourette’s,† or simply â€Å"TS,† is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder producing sudden, repetitive movements and sounds, known as â€Å"tics,† which are beyond an individual’s control. The condition is named after French physician Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first published an account of its symptoms in the 1880s (Felling SingerRead More Tourette Syndrome Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesTourette Syndrome Tourette Syndrome, or TS, affects approximately one hundred thousand Americans of whom you will find in a variety of professions and social settings (7). It is a neurological disease which is characterized by repeated and involuntary body movements and vocal sounds. Before TS was known to be a health problem uncontrollable by the patient, it was seen as nervousness, possession by a spirit, epilepsy or simply as bad habits (5). Today it is known that imbalances in certain brainRead MoreEssay on Ticcing Away: Tourette Syndrome3162 Words   |  13 Pagessp;â€Å"Tourette Kids† Sometimes we are happy Sometimes we are sad Sometimes we get teased Sometimes we get mad Although we seem different When tics appear each day Remember this disease chose us And no the other way So if we jerk, or yell, or swear Please try not to forget It isn’t us doing it But a disease called Tourette ----Jason Valencia---- Touretter 1986, 10 years old Living with Tourette syndrome gives a deeper insight to the highly misunderstood and understated disease, Gilles de la TouretteRead MoreEssay about Tourette Syndrome3755 Words   |  16 PagesTourette Syndrome Works Cited Not Included Tourette Syndrome was named for George Gilles de la Tourette, who first discovered the syndrome in 1885. Today there is still a mystery surrounding the disorder, it?s causes and it?s cures. But one of the biggest mysteries is an associated behavior called coprolalia. This symptom is the uncontrolled swearing or socially unacceptable utterances that some with Tourettes experience. Although despite the media?s fascination, Tourette syndrome is notRead MoreMy Life with Tourettes Syndrome Essay example837 Words   |  4 Pages Tourette’s syndrome is a disorder where the affected individual will consistently exhibit â€Å"tics†. In the majority of cases these ticks are minor in character, it may just be the urge to blink, or make certain facial gestures. Less than 15% of individuals exhibit coprolalia, which is the unwarranted exclamations of profanities or other socially forbidden remarks. Perhaps those in our generation who are aware of Tourette’s syndrome have learned its symptoms through pop culture, which has glamorizedRead More Parkinsons Disease and Tourettes Syndrome Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesParkinsons Disease and Tourettes Syndrome Parkinsons Disease is a literally crippling neurodegenerative disorder, manifested in about 1% of the aged population. People who have Parkinsons Disease gradually lose control of their movements; specific symptoms include, tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, difficulty in walking, and loss of balance. (1) Evidence strongly suggests that Parkinsons Disease is the result of severe cell loss in the substantia nigra. This brain structure is

Dissociative Identity Disorder - 2780 Words

Dissociative Identity Disorder Imagine waking up in a new house, town, city, even state and not knowing how you got there. Now add onto that thought of forgetting almost a year of your life because someone else, or something, has taken over your body. That is just a look into dissociative disorders in general. Dissociative Disorders are ‘extreme distortions in perception and memory† (Terwilliger 2013). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), or previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is often the most misunderstood dissociative disorder of them all. It has always been somewhat of a mystery. Seeing videos of the disorder can really give you an insight on what happens with the person who suffer from it. Almost everyone in the†¦show more content†¦By just a single movement of Gmelin’s hands, he could make the woman switch though her personalities (â€Å"A history of†). The one case to put Dissociative Identity Disorder on the map and to actually get this disorder recognized was Sybil Isabel Dorsett’s (Sargent 2007). Sybil was put under severe trauma from her mother when she was a little girl. The way she counteracted the trauma was by making sixteen different personalities (Sargent 2007). She made more than anyone has ever recorded before. Sybil’s real name was actually Shirley Ardell Mason (Neary 2010). There was a book and a movie written about the case. Shirley was treated by a female psychiatrist by the name of Dr. Connie Wilbur (Neary 2010). Wilbur treated Shirley until her death in 1998 (Neary 2010). With Shirley Mason in therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder, again back then it was named Multiple Personality Disorder, she tried to convince Dr. Wilbur that she was faking the sets of personalities and that she was in perfect health by writing her a letter: †I do not really have any multiple personalities. ... I do not even have a ‘double.’... I am all of them. I have been lying in my pretense of them.† (Neary 2010) Shirley was soon recognized by a lot of others so she moved by Dr. Wilbur where she lived out her days (Neary 2010). Even though this was the most famous case that was about dissociative identity disorder doesn’t mean this is theShow MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with itRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1194 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder distinguished by the existence of two or more distinct personality states. It is also known as DID or Multiple Personality Disorder. It is very rare, with only 20,000 to 200,000 known US cases per year. Currently, there is no known cure, but treatment can sometimes help. Many believe that DID can be caused by a significant trauma and is used as a coping mechanism to help avoid bad memories. The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder970 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2296 Words   |  9 Pagesdefines dissociative identity disorder (DID) as the occurrence of a minimum of two different personalities and maybe more than two. It also clarifies that the switching between the distinct personalities can be observed by the individual who is suffering from dissociative identity disorder or witnessed by others. (Barlow, 2014, P. 1). This disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder, which is more recognized and understood to people without a psychology background. This disorder can beRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper is about Dissociative identity disorder (DID) as known as multiple personality disorder. DID in which a person could have many different parts to their personality due to severe stress and an experience of a trauma. A person with DID when the have control over their one identity they cannot remember what they did when their other identities were in control. Most of the time people with DID have two personalities but they could have more than two which is referred as alters. 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Network Security Apparatuses Is A Free And Open Source...

Network security apparatuses include: 1. Wireshark 2. Netcat 3. Botnet Wireshark: Wireshark is a free and open-source bundle analyzer. It is utilized for system troubleshooting, dissection, programming and interchanges convention improvement, and training. Initially named Ethereal, in May 2006 the venture was renamed Wireshark because of trademark issues. Wireshark is cross-stage, utilizing the Gtk+ gadget toolbox as a part of current discharges, and Qt in the advancement rendition, to execute its client interface, and utilizing pcap to catch parcels; it runs on GNU/Linux, OS X, BSD, Solaris, some other Unix-like working frameworks, and Microsoft Windows. There is likewise a terminal-based (non-GUI) variant called Tshark. Wireshark, and alternate projects conveyed with it, for example, Tshark, are free programming, discharged under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Functionality: Wireshark is fundamentally the same to tcpdump, however has a graphical front-end, in addition to some coordinated sorting and sifting choices. Wireshark permits the client to put system interface controllers that backing indiscriminate mode into that mode, keeping in mind the end goal to see all activity obvious on that interface, not simply movement tended to one of the interface s arranged addresses and show/multicast activity. Notwithstanding, when catching with a bundle analyzer in unbridled mode on a port on a system switch, not the greater part of the activity going through theShow MoreRelatedNetwork Security : System Security1899 Words   |  8 PagesNetwork security : System security comprises of the procurements and approaches received by a system executive to avoid and screen unapproved access, abuse, change, or dissent of a workstation system and system available assets. System security includes the approval of access to information in a system, which is controlled by the system head. Clients pick or are appointed an ID and secret word or other verifying data that permits them get to data and projects inside their power. System security blanketsRead MoreWhat Is Distributed Computing? Essay6303 Words   |  26 Pagesmodel is indicated in figure beneath. On the off chance that a cloud client gets to benefits on the framework layer, for example, she can run her own applications on the assets of a cloud foundation and stay in charge of the bolster, upkeep, and security of these applications herself. On the off chance that she gets to an administration on the application layer, these undertakings are regularly dealt with by the cloud administration supplier. Structure of administration models Advantages of distributed

Effects of Myopia on Later Physical Activity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Myopia on Later Physical Activity. Answer: Introduction: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children recruited pregnant women who were expected to give birth between 1st April 1991 and 31st December 1992. This recruitment process achieved a sample size of 7159 children. Therefore, this is how the researchers achieved the initial sample size for the study. At the age of 12, the researcher approached the children as a continuity of the study and requested them to wear an Anti-graph that was aimed at collecting information on physical activity. Out of the total sample size, only 6622 of them accepted to wear the gear. Data cleaning on the activity and autorefractor data led to a reduction of the sample size into 4880 children. Therefore, we can affirm that documentation on how the sample size was achieved was effectively done. The description of how statistical methods were used to achieve the reported results was documented. Multivariable regression method was used to describe the relationship between the physical activity characteristics and myopic status. The models were categorized into two showing different levels of controlling for the confounders. This shows how effective the researchers were able to standardize the effect sizes in the model. The multivariable regression technique was also used to describe the difference in effect sizes of the physical characteristics between the myopic groups. There does not seem to be cases of loss of follow-up, hence no documentation. The changes in sample sizes experienced in every stage of the study have been described by giving valid reasons for non-participation. The reasons include failure to consent and data validity. Demographic statistics was clearly provided in the report. Describe the numbers and percentages of myopes in the two groups; best eye and worst eye. In the main results section, a table was provided showing the minimally and maximally confounder estimated results. The results can be compared, hence showing the level of attenuation by the controlled confounders on the predictors. The issue of loss of follow-up was not discussed in the report. With such a huge study, there is a high chance of loss of follow-up. A flow diagram was not used to represent the changes in sample size from the time of recruitment. There was no specific analysis of the follow-up time spent on the participants. There were no reports on counts of participants who were on different categories of exposures such as ethnic categories summaries. Conclusion We can conclude that the reports performed well based on the description of how the sample size was achieved and reporting the results. All the key points that should be noted on these sections were described on the reports. Referees Deere, K., Williams, C., Leary, S., Mattocks, C., Ness, A., Blair, S., Riddoch, C. (2009). Myopia and later physical activity in adolescence: a prospective study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(7), 542-544. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.049288

The Oprah Winfrey Show. Her Show Is Known To Not Only All Over The Uni

"The Oprah Winfrey Show". Her show is known to not only all over the United States, but also known to all around the world. Today she is known as the America's most famous and powerful woman. Every woman in America envies her great fortune and her intelligence. But Oprah insists that she is not special or gifted. She had overcome many hurdles and reached to the top of America's national T.V host. What makes her so popular and most loved entertainer in the United States? Oprah Winfrey, a talk show host, actress, producer and philanthropist, and business woman is the chairwoman of HARPO entertainment in Chicago. She joins the elite company of Lucille Ball and Mary Pickford, as the only woman in T.V and film to own their own production studios. Through HARPO productions, she produces and hosts America's number one popular show, "The Oprah Winfrey show". (Oprah Winfrey talk show bio 1997 p.1) Today many woman in America envies her life; her popularity, intelligence and her great fortunes. Though her success was gained from her hard work and education. She did not have any special background to be a most loved woman in America. She has overcame number of obstacles that most people have encountered in their own lives. She had to deal with poverty, sexual abuse, racism as a child, and her lifelong battle with weight. Oprah Gail Winfrey was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi on January 29, 1954. As a child, she moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, then moved back to Nashville. She has lived through poverty, repeated sexual abuse, and a sentence to a juvenile delinquent home. (Hyde 1997 p.57) Oprah was crowned Miss. Black Tennessee at age 19. In 1973. She left Tennessee State University and became a newscaster for WTVF in Nashville. Three years later, Oprah became a news anchor in Baltimore at an ABC station but after 9 months, she was pulled off the air because of an emotional ad-lib delivery. She eventually ended up in Chicago hosting a morning show called "AM Chicago". In less than a year, the show became number one and was expanded to one hour and re-named "The Oprah Winfrey Show". (http://pilot.msu.edu/user/bresnah2/oprahbio.htm 1997 p.1) From there, she has been an actress in the "Color Purple", "The women of Breuster place" and "There are no children here".(Oprah Winfrey) Today, "The Oprah Winfrey Show" is the highest rated talk show in T.V history, and seen by 15 to 20 million viewers a day in the United States and is in 132 countries. Since entering syndication in 1986, "The Oprah Winfrey Show" has remained the number one talk show for 10 consecutive seasons, receiving 25 Emmys. At the end of 1996, Oprah was honored with the most prestigious award in broadcasting, the George Foster Peaboy's Individual Achievement Award. She also received the IRTS Gold Medal Award, and was recognized by Time magazine as one of "America's 25 most influential people of 1996".(Oprah Winfrey talk show bio 1997 p1) According to US news & World Report, Oprah has an ability called "Oprah effect". It is her ability to make a connection with ordinary women and through that connection, she makes herself one of the most popular women (Dickerson 1997 p.10) In spite of her wealth, she has a public's taste. She knows what ordinary women want, whatare their troubles and what they are crazy about. Stuart Fishoff, professor of media psychology at UCLA says, "viewers want to be around someone like themselves. They want a nonthreatning person they can identify with. And Oprah has a lot of same problems that many of these women has and can relate to. Viewers have no trouble envisioning her sitting home at the kitchen table in sweats and no makeup, drinking caffeine and chomping a Danish".(Stanley 1997 p.34) This feeling of closeness is Oprah's strongest point that makes her a billionaire. And to get more close with publics, Oprah picks up a book every six weeks and asks audience to talk about the title. What makes her popular are not only her talent as an entertainer but also her talent as a good announcer. She has all requirements that are necessary for a good announcer. First, she always research and prepare about the topic

A by John Updike Essays

A by John Updike Essays A by John Updike Paper A by John Updike Paper Hes very conversational and readers get the impression that hes a greased-up wise guy with an elbow on the jukebox and a toothpick in his mouth. This lackadaisical nature fully encapsulates who Sammy truly is. Update first shows this casual tone in his first two sentences, writing, In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suits. Im in the third check-out slot, with my back to the door, so dont see them until theyre over by the bread, (Update). Update doesnt sound, in this instance, like a stuffy, eloquent Harvard grad writing a serious piece to serious-minded readers. He sounds like a guy telling a story about girls to his friend over a couple of beers. He consciously employs this tone in order to strike an appropriate chord with his audience. Update wants his readers to realize that Sammy is a cool, easygoing, nonchalant guy who doesnt belong cooped up in some hot grocery store on a summer afternoon. He belongs at the beach, with his friends, hanging out in the sun and just enjoying himself. Thats all he yearns for, and this casual tone really brings that home to readers. It is quite apparent from this casual tone that Sammy wants freedom, and his jealousy towards these girls inspires him to take action to bring this goal to fruition. Similarly, Update uses cavalier diction in a manner that compliments and highlights the casual tone. Sammy is not a polished gentleman, by any trench. In a pretty blatantly sexist fashion, he describes one of the girls he sees in a bathing suit: She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the top Of the backs Of her legs, (Update). With these remarks Update gives away that Sammy is nothing but an ignorant buffoon, an imbecile, who most likely acts on impulse and innate instinct. He isnt Voltaire. All he wants, in a small-minded sort of way, is to just be free of the same, monotonous, routine he goes through working at this AP, and sees clearly jealous of those who have gotten what he wants. Again, Updates use of this cavalier, brusque diction is actually quite calculated and serves a great purpose in the long run of this story. Update indicates that Sammy diction proves that, like a primate, he doesnt think things through and only acts on instinct. Like a child who only wants the toy he is told cant have, he is jealous of these girls who waltz into the grocery store, totally liberated. Update demonstrates again that Sammy is entranced by the bikini-clad girls, but again through offhand diction: l increase the bill, tenderly as you may imagine, it just having come from between the two smoothest scoops of vanilla had ever known were there, (Update). However, Update brings this story full circle by showing that Sammy abrupt quitting of his job was a mistake: Sammy is technically free, sure, but it is a decision he instantly regrets as he finds he is also free to fail. He laments his decision and in the last sentence of this short story, Update writes, His face was dark gray and his back stiff, as if hed just had an injection of iron, and my stomach kind Of fell as felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter, (Update). Sammy immediately realizes that the grass is not greener on the other side, and that acting on his jealousy and impulse has led him astray. The thought of freedom, freedom from that AP prison, is ministering, but he sees the negative effects of his actions. Update gives his audience some insight into Sammy thought process through the use of his ironically cavalier, unceremonious diction: Sammy is not wise and has no right to be haughty or crass: he is simply a fool. Through the use of another literary device, symbolism, Spike expresses Sammy innate human jealousy. The bathing suit worn by these girls are a symbol for freedom. Sammy remarks on how out-of-place these bathing suits are: Our town is five miles from a beach, with a big summer colony out on the Point, but were right in the middle of town, and the women generally put on a shirt or shorts or something before they get out of the car into the street Lets not as if were on the Cape; were north of Boston and theres people in this town havent seen the ocean for twenty years, (Update). These girls are five whole miles from the nearest beach. Its not as if they just walked over to the deli right across the street. Even then, it is only customary to cover up a little bit.

Religious Expression in Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Religious Expression in Humanities - Essay Example Due to this, religion is an integral part of the society that fosters humanness and social progress. Rome is an ancient city that plays a pivotal role in world religion. The Romans believed in a strong connection between the gods and the people. Most Romans held the central view regarding the value and importance of religion (Dillon and Garland 54). The religious convictions of the Roman culture were evident in their manner of worship and lifestyle. In fact, religion became central to their culture. The Romans used several ways to express their religion. Rome is an ancient city where the citizens found it necessary to offer sacrifices to their gods. Ceremonies found their meaning in terms of the religious expressions. For example, families would conduct prayers to the household god, Janus. In addition, the Roman government had various religious offices to cater for the religious needs of the society. For instance, the priests held senior positions in the society (Dillon and Garland 67). Due to this, the role of religion played a critical role when it came to the dissemination of duties. In the Roman case, there were 16 Pontifices who would preside over religious events. The ruler of the Roman Empire found it necessary to consult these priests before making a decision. The period 770-220 BCE was the â€Å"Spring and Autumn Period† that covers part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Hans Dynasty. Even though the Chinese had a high regard for religion, the Zhou Dynasty did not have any regard for religion (Lagerwey and Kalinowski 22). It was a period characterized by elitism and religion. Scholars believe that during this period, no prophet spoke. The priests did not take any part in explaining the will of the heavens. In addition, there were no books that could explain the religious expectations of man. During this time, heaven’s role took a back seat. On the contrary, when Hans took over, religion took a critical position. The Chinese concept

International service Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International service - Assignment Example etation, it is the hope of this particular student that the reader will gain a more informed understanding and appreciation for the way in which credit rating works and whether or not it is a useful and appreciable tool that should be considered as vital for the continued economic development of the world or whether or not it should be dismissed based upon its inherent shortcomings. Firstly, in seeking to analyze the benefits of credit rating system, it should be noted that this particular system provides the individual with an incentive to pay their bills, and conduct their financial matters in a responsible manner; as a means of receiving the reward of gaining a higher credit score and having potential access to more readily available credit in the future. Furthermore, another tacit benefit that credit rating provides has to do with the level of discernment that it to financial institutions with regard to whether or not a particular loan or investment would be risky and should therefore be shunned. However, beyond the strengths and potential benefits that the credit rating system can provide, it is also inherently prone to key weaknesses and shortcomings. For instance, at the point in time in which an individual loses employment or is unable to pay their bills, due to a medical emergency or some other unexpected events, the credit rating of the individual immediately plummets. Naturally, at the point in time in which the individual is most in need of immediate credit, the access to such credit is almost all but nonexistent. Furthermore, if an individual finds themselves with extremely low credit, the interest rates that they must pay will be convinced currently high; denoting the high level of risk that the borrower engenders to the financial institution question (Mattarocci 18). As can relatively be noted, the extraordinarily high interest rates that individuals with low credit scores must pay create something of a reciprocal process through which the ability

Ghost In The Nursery And Compulsion To Repeat Psychology Essay

Ghost In The Nursery And Compulsion To Repeat Psychology Essay In this essay I will be referring to Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud and Selma Fraiberg to explain how psychoanalytic theory views the ghost in the nursery and the compulsion to repeat, and John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth and Peter Fonagy to account for these concepts on behalf of the attachment theory. This essay is organized as follows. First, I define the main concepts in question and relate these to Fraiberg. Then I discuss to what extent affect regulation and mentalization (Fonagy and Ainsworth) can explain these concepts. Secondly, I turn my attention to classical psychoanalysis and how transference helps us understand the compulsion to repeat. From internal conflict I move on to the external environment and how Bowlby views its importance to repetition and ghosts. Finally, I discuss Anna Freuds defence mechanism of identification with the aggressor. Whilst going through these different explanations I identify how much each theorist is accounting for these concepts and show that neither the attachment theory on its own nor the psychoanalytic theory singly explain the compulsion to repeat and the ghost in the nursery. Moreover, attachment theories also have a psychoanalytic background,  [1]  so one cannot exclude the psychoanalytic influence from attachment theory. So as we will see studies in attachment theory quantify, backup and build up from the psychoanalytic theory. In the paper Ghosts in the nursery, Fraiberg, Adelson and Shapiro (1975) use the term ghosts to represent negative experiences parents had as children which they repressed and excluded all feelings from, in order to deal with the situation. Fraiberg et al. argue that if parents do not allow themselves to feel this pain, they will be pushing the affect associated with these memories into the unconscious (i.e. repression). Consequently, unresolved issues will manifest themselves in dreams and in behaviours with their own infants. Like ghosts, unresolved issues are invisible (unconscious), and like ghosts, they come back to haunt us. Such parents are likely to unconsciously repeat their parents behaviour with their own children since they would not be able to empathise with them and understand their feelings. Fraiberg et al.s (1975) explanation gives importance to affect regulation of parents to be able to identify with the distressed child in them. Their hypothesis is substantiated by observations in their clinical experience but this methodology is subjective as no measuring tools are identified for this intergenerational link. Moreover, this account may be deterministic and reductionist: no feeling of childhood pains will result in compulsion to repeat pains caused to them on their children. It appears that development does not teach us anything and later experiences are not able to dispel the ghost. As we will see, whereas for Fraiberg et al. there is something extra in the nursery the ghosts, for Fonagy there is something missing the mothers ability to mentalize. Fonagy, Steele, M., Moran, Steele, H., and Higgitt (1991) use the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)  [2]  and Ainsworths Strange Situation  [3]  (SS) (Ainsworth, Waters Wall, 1978) to prove the link between the adults type of attachment to their own parent/s to the attachment they build with their own children. They explain that the attachment we build with our parents acts as an internal working model which compels parents to repeat this attachment with their children. Fonagy et al. argue that parents need to be able to attune to the feelings expressed by their infants since they do not yet have the mental capacity to understand their feelings (psychic containment). However if a parent is not able to observe her own mental function, it is highly unlikely that she  [4]  is able to reflect the infants feelings.  [5]  This will hinder the child from developing a reflective self, leading to the use of defensive thinking processes which are likely à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to distort, disorganize, or limit access to memories, feelings, interactions and recognition of options (Main, 1991, p. 146). This lack of meta-cognitive monitoring  [6]  may lead to a vicious circle as the infant will not be able to provide an appropriate psychic development to his own infant, leading to the compulsion to repeat and to the ghosts to reappear in the nursery. So Fonagy et al. (1991) in their study are proving the intergenerational link in attachment behaviour hypothesised by Fraiberg et al. (1979). For Fonagy et al. what needs to be present in the nursery is the mothers ability to mentalize and the presence of ghosts is not acknowledged. Fonagys theory postulates that the mother should be able to contain the child, but does not account what the mother does with her understanding of her childs mental state. If the mother understands that the child is frustrated, will she always know what to do to regulate her childs emotions? Fonagy and Target (1994) also relate the trauma experienced in early childhood with how feelings are evoked in the people in their adult life to confirm childhood identifications. Since the therapeutic situation is likely to recreate the nursery, I will be giving Fonagy and Targets example to explain how ghosts may be dispelled from the nursery. Fonagy (in Fonagy and Target, 1994) relates how, as an analyst his patient (Mr. T) had blocked painful feelings in childhood so that he was not in touch with his mental state. According to Fonagy and Target (1994, p. 53-54) what frees us from this state is being mentally involved with someone (e.g. in therapy) that clarifies our sense of identity through their (the therapists) mental state. In this way, Fonagy is explaining the role of thinking processes about ourselves (mentalizing) in the compulsion to repeat and reappearance of ghosts. Thus, if the therapeutic situation is reflecting real life, the mother needs to be in able to reflect abo ut why she is doing things so that she is aware not the repeat and invoke the ghosts of her childhood into her childs nursery. Freud and Breuer (1893) first refer to people forgetting certain moments in life in their paper on Hysteria. They argue that due to trauma, experiences in a persons life are not available to conscious thought, and so properly abreacted. This occurred either because these experiences were so painful that their bearer decided to forget them or because they occurred when the person was in an abnormal psychical state (p. 11). They argue that during such situations splitting of consciousness occurs, making it difficult for the person to connect to his memories, and so the feeling related to the experience is transformed into a physical symptom. At this time Freud dealt with these forgetful memories by inducing a hypnotic state in his patients whereby they could associate memories to their feelings and release cathartic energy. However, soon Freud realised that through hypnosis he was forcing people to talk about their memories and was not allowing resistance to occur. It was when Freud (1905) was analysing Dora that he discovered a form of repetition in relationship which he called transference. In the nursery, transference occurs when the mother acts out unconscious wishes with her child. Freud (1909) surmises that these repressed experiences are like ghosts who reappear in our life and will not go away until we face them: like an unlaid ghost, it cannot rest until the mystery has been solved and the spell broken (Freud 1909, p. 122). Freuds first reference to the compulsion to repeat was in 1914 when he postulated that in obsessional neurosis, forgetting is characterized by dissolving thought-connections (Freud 1914, p. 149). Although the person does not remember the trauma, he unconsciously re-enacts this event in his life thus inviting ghosts in the nursery. The more resistance there is to repress the memories, the more the person will replace remembering by acting out. The resolution of this resistance lies in how the therapist handles transf erence. Transference acting as a playground (Freud 1914, p. 154) allows repressed material to show the secret of its game in the persons mind and for the analyst to work through what the resistance consists of. According to Freuds theory, the compulsion to repeat can only be resolved through transference or the acting out of the compulsion and overcoming resistance a concept which Fraiberg does not recognise. While Freud gives importance to childhood trauma, he does not dedicate equal importance to how current experiences effect a persons life. Nor does Freud give any importance to the affects which as we have seen Fraiberg and Fonagy give so much importance to. Freuds main explanation for the compulsion to repeat is that it is a result internal conflict. He (1920) postulates that the compulsion to repeat is ingrained in our human nature. Freud (1920) states that the function of the pleasure principle is to reduce unpleasure. Material enacted in the compulsion to repeat was once repressed because it was not pleasurable to one of the systems, so the mental apparatus will struggle to keep these instincts away from consciousness. These instincts are persistently trying to push their way into consciousness, and this is felt as unsatisfying by the ego. Impulses can nonetheless breach the protective shield in traumatic dreams, forms of play and as already explained, in transference. Freud (1920) attempts to interpret reasons why children in the nursery are compelled to repeat some actions. He recalls boy re-enacting his mothers disappearance and appearance in games. This repetition of the distressing experience (p. 15) causes pleasure to the child. This could be because the mothers departure is followed by the pleasure of her arrival or during repetition, the child changed from being passive in the real event to playing an active role in the game by throwing away toys he is revenging against his mother for leaving him, something that he cannot do in real life. This part gives him pleasure and causes him to repeat the act. By repeating what has impressed him during the day, the boy can abreact his feelings. In doing so, his game is also reflecting a wish to be grown-up (p. 17) and taking control like adults do. Children can also repeat distressing experiences with peers, causing distress to them and revenging on their playmate who might be representing the real distressing object. Thus, Freud is explaining that a person may use this defence of repeating because it satisfies the pleasure principle but this could also reflect the daemonic aspect inside us. Bowlby criticises Freud for only looking at the persons internal conflict and for not giving enough attention to the persons external environment (1979, p. 21), suggesting that ghosts can be dispelled by environmental change. Bowlby (1969) refers to experiments on rhesus monkeys (Griffin and Harlow, 1966) and on puppies (Scott, 1963) to point out to a sensitive period in which attachment can be formed or be forever doomed. In these studies, animals that were kept away from contact for the first six months of their life did not show recovery of social interactions. He postulates that attachment, or the loss of it (deprivation), acts in similar way in infants. Thus, if a baby is not shown sensitivity, it is unlikely that once a grown-up he would be able to do so with his own children, and so the ghosts of his past will reappear giving him no choice other than to repeat. Bowlby emphasises that attachment is an evolutionary process that helps the infant to survive (the survival of our sp ecies). Conversely, Fonagy (2001) argues that Bowlby gives too much importance to the biological role of attachment. What is important is the infants own survival to distress which could, for instance cause neurodevelopmental abnormalities if he is neglected (Perry, 1997). So what kind of survival would an infant have if attachment is disrupted or inadequate? Bowlbys (1944) own research on juvenile thieves sheds light on the link between hostile and neurotic mothers leading to delinquent children and at times even affectionless characters. This view that the relationship with the mother is important is corroborated by Emde (1999) who suggests that social rules are internalised in early infancy. When an infant has repetitive experiences of stressful episodes he will become hyper-vigilant to his environment leading to persistent physiological hyper-arousal if the mother cannot regulate his emotions. In this case, the infant cannot use the mother to regulate himself and reach homeostasis. This often happens in infants whose attachment is classified as disorganised  [7]  (Lyons-Ruth Block, 1999). According to Hesse and Main (2000) this occurs when the attachment figure frightens or maltreats the toddler. In their study, adults who had a disorganised a ttachment with their children were classified as unresolved/disorganised adult attachment in the AAI. These observations show the likelihood of perpetuating the attachment style from generation to generation. These studies show that Bowlbys theory is backed up by an array of research whereas Freuds theory is only supported by people he came in contact with during their analysis. Bowbly saw it important to ground his work on science rather than Freuds psychic energy. Bowlby (1979) suggests that the infant forms an inner working model which acts as a cognitive map for future relationships from the cradle to the grave (p. 129). This has been supported by studies such as that of Hazan and Shaver (1987) where attachment styles (Ainsworth et al., 1978) in infancy are applied to love relationships in adulthood. Bowlby explains that when one becomes a parent powerful emotions are evoked related to how one felt as a child towards his parents and siblings (p. 17). A parent might not be able to regulate these old feelings because she has not resolved the ambivalent conflict concerning these feelings. When the parent was young, she might have defended herself against these feelings by repressing, displacing or projecting them. With all the changes parenthood brings with it, these conflicts are renewed and come back to haunt us. Such a parent will find herself tormented by these forces and has no option other then resorting to the primitive defences used in childhood to deal with feelings regarding her own child, using her own children as her scapegoats. Unfortunately parents are not aware of these processes or the intentions behind their actions. For Bowlby in order to abolish the ghost, the most important thing is to commit to change in the environment change in the caregivers behaviour and in the defences used. Although different terminology is being used in this explanation, the reasoning behind it is very similar to that postulated by Failberg, mainly that childhood defense hinder the caregiver to feel through her childhood trauma. Anna Freud suggests that another defence mechanism is at play in the compulsion to repeat. For Anna Freud (1936, p. 117-131) parents undergo the compulsion to repeat because of an ego defense experienced in their childhood which she labels identification with the aggressor. If a child endures a trauma, he feels helpless and is likely to identify with the aggressor as a normal part of the growth of the superego. This will enable the child to feel stronger and fearless. He will either imitate the actions of the aggressor, take on this features (e.g. wearing high heels to feel tall), or pretend to be the aggressor (1936, p. 121). In this way he does not feel a victim of the aggressor but this leads him to repeat the actions of his aggressor with his toys, peers and later with his own children. Fraiberg et al. (1975) also links the appearance of ghosts in the nursery and the compulsion to repeat with this defense mechanism but affirms that it is not clear why a person chooses this defens e (p. 419). For instance, why didnt the child use the denial in this traumatic situation instead of identification with the aggressor? In this essay, I argued that both psychoanalysts and attachment theorists give importance to the first years of life by linking personality development to attachment. For the two schools of thought, the compulsion to repeat and ghosts in the nursery are due to problems in the infants early environment. Maternal sensitivity is also important to both of them although they interpret the concept in different ways. In attachment theory maternal sensitivity is seen as the behaviour and personality of the caregiver, whilst psychoanalysis is concerned with how the child organises his self development as a result of maternal sensitivity use of unconscious processes (Fonagy, 2001). Thus, we would need a combination of both theories to understand the importance of the caregiver-infant relationship to the compulsion to repeat and ghosts in the nursery. For whilst psychoanalytic theory analyses internal processes in the infant and the mother, attachment theory try to classify and quantify attach ment patterns through an array of research. They explain that repression of the associated affective experience (p. 419) is involved in this defence. So through remembering they are able to identify again with the distressed child in them and the alliance to the aggressor is broken.

Nature of Power in Shakespeares Julius Caesar :: William Shakespeare

Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is a political drama which examines the nature of power and leadership in Rome. A conspiracy of eight men, headed by Cassius and Brutus, plan the assignation of their leader, Julius Caesar. However while Cassius is driven by envy, Brutus on the other hand believes he is acting for the good of Rome. In Rome at the start of the play there is a vibrant atmosphere. As Caesar overthrows Pompey for the crown the crowd erupt into delight. In spite of the overwhelming support he still has a few doubters still lurking around. One of the discontented few, Brutus, opposes the idea of Caesar becoming King and gaining further power. ''I do fear the people who choose Caesar for their King.'' Brutus is heedful that this decision may effect the welfare of Rome by shattering the republic. Brutus is adamant that Rome's success was built on the fact that they had no ruler with his only line of thought being to weigh up what will benefit Rome and it's people the most. Cassius viewpoint on the issue is we shouldn't ever even contemplated offering Caesar this position.'' I was born free of Caesar and so were you.'' Cassius is saying that it was the rash of us to offer him power as this will harm Rome and take away. However Caesar has done very little wrong. The spite for Caesar erects from the view that he may gain too much power which illustrates the envy felt towards him. Another argument he compiled from him was that he found to his knowledge that Caesar couldn't handle pressure.''And when the fit was on him I did mark how he did shake''. He is mentioning at how he thinks this `unkingly` attribute he possesses hardly makes him fit for the job. It furthermore shows the extent of his envy by scrapping for little details like this. Brutus doesn't seem to agree with this.''Be any further moved by what you have said, I will consider what you have to say.'' The word ''consider'' reveals his caution as he attempts to decide in due course rather than to rush into the decision. It outlines him showing a sign of weakness by considering something he disagrees with. If he wasn't so open minded then the pairing of Brutus and Cassius may not of lasted.

Parents Support Group Agenda

MINUTES OF PSG MEETING 27TH SEPTEMBER At A. P. I. S. KINDERGARTEN AGENDA Welcome Barbeque International Day Spare school uniform clothes Road safety for children at Kindergarten Forming of a proper PSG committee Quarterly social event for parents Christmas tree lights- Main Campus The meeting began at 2:30pm. The main item was the planned â€Å"Welcome Barbeque† for everyone new to the A. P. I. S. family. The Barbeque is set for the 14th October, just prior to the end of the first semester. Tim Brackley explained that this was the only available date and apologised for the short lead in time left to parents.However, we will receive a lot of support and assistance from the school and Khun Bua, as this is our first big event. A start time of 3:0pm was agreed with an approximate finish to the day of 6:30pm. The venue will be the main school campus around the pool area and people should bring their swimsuits if they would like to use the school’s swimming pool. It was discu ssed and agreed, that the food should be available between 4-5 pm. The menu is Kebabs, BBQ Chicken, salad, Som Tum, Sticky rice, fruit and complimentary water.The cost of this was explained as 150bht per adult and 90bht per child less than 12 years of age. No alcohol is permitted on the school campus and therefore it was felt that, everyone should bring their own soft drinks for the day. (I. e. Coke, Fanta, Sprite etc;) It was suggested that teachers living on campus and student boarders could enjoy the BBQ as their evening meal and that cost could be met by the school. To find out the numbers attending, it was decided to send out an invitation from the Parent Support Group to all parents (and guests? asking for a reply by the 10th October. Further information and price would be included in the invitation and parent volunteers for the children’s grades will collect the money. Volunteers to act as â€Å"Grade Representatives† were asked for and a list compiled. Those pa rents who volunteered to be grade representatives are listed on a separate page for your future reference. To assist these Parent Grade Representatives (PGR’s), it was proposed that, we all wear name badges at the BBQ, to help us get to know each other more easily.This was agreed and each badge would also show the grade of each parent’s child /children. It was agreed this, would help the Grade Representatives, in introducing new parents and students to those of us already part of the APIS family. The Parent Grade Representatives will be the first link of a support system for new parents. This was felt by everyone to be an excellent suggestion. The school has offered to set up equipment for children to play with and there was an offer of live music for the afternoon’s entertainment, which was readily accepted.A proposal that all letters to parents from the PSG should be translated into different languages was discussed at some length. Although, this would be very difficult to do, given the number of different nationalities now represented at the schools two campuses. Two parents volunteered to arrange translations for their language groups. Thai and Korean and our thanks were expressed for their help and support. Mr. Hakjune Kim will arrange translations for our Korean families and Khun Took will do the same for our Thai families.It was pointed out that some parents may be unable to arrange transport up to the main campus for the BBQ and it was suggested we ask for parents to offer any spare seats in their cars for the day. A possible pick up place would be the Kindergarten. This will be mentioned in the newsletter. It was also asked for, that future Newsletters from the PSG include committee members and contact details. This point raised the question for the PSG to formally elect a committee and this matter will be raised at a later meeting.International day – Ms. Holly Gardner came from the main campus to ask parents to begin think ing about the next International Day, which will be in January. School Uniform – Ms. Holly offered the idea of a scheme for passing on items of school uniform, that were in good condition, but which children had outgrown. Parents were asked to consider the ways in which such a scheme could be implemented. This would surely help those parents who operate an eco-friendly recycling program at home to go one step further.Finally and out of position in these minutes, with no apology as this is a very important matter. Road safety at the Kindergarten. Adjan Ladda has addressed this problem in part by arranging for a police officer to monitor and control vehicles stopping and obstructing the road. Everyone present was extremely pleased that, Adjan Ladda done this and gave her full support for her action and a very big thank you from all parents. It was agreed, that all parents can assist with this matter by obeying the police officer’s instructions regarding parking outside t he Kindergarten.A short walk from a sensibly parked car was thought by all at the meeting, to be a better way for parents to deliver or collect their children rather than a child being rushed to hospital seriously injured following an accident involving a dangerously parked car. There being no further matters for discussion at this time the meeting came to a close and everyone was thanked for attending and asked to come to a meeting next Wednesday 3rd October at the Kindergarten at 2:30pm to help finalize arrangements for the BBQ. Tim Brackley

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1138 Words

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